Origins of the Vietnam War From 1945â€1954

Beginnings of the Vietnam War From 1945â€1954 The reasons for the Vietnam War follow their underlying foundations back to the finish of World War II. A French state, Indochina (Vietnam, Laos, and Cambodia) had been involved by the Japanese during the war. In 1941, a Vietnamese patriot development, the Viet Minh, was framed by Ho Chi Minh to oppose the occupiers. A socialist, Ho Chi Minh pursued a guerrilla war against the Japanese with the help of the United States. Close to the finish of the war, the Japanese started to advance Vietnamese patriotism and at last allowed the nation ostensible freedom. On August 14, 1945, Ho Chi Minh propelled the August Revolution, which successfully observed the Viet Minh assume responsibility for the nation. The French Return Following the Japanese annihilation, the Allied Powers concluded that the area ought to stay under French control. As France came up short on the soldiers to retake the region, Nationalist Chinese powers involved the north while the British arrived in the south. Incapacitating the Japanese, the British utilized the gave up weapons to rearm French powers that had been interned during the war. Under tension from the Soviet Union, Ho Chi Minh tried to haggle with the French, who wanted to retake ownership of their province. Their passageway into Vietnam was just allowed by the Viet Minh after confirmations had been given that the nation would pick up autonomy as a component of the French Union. First Indochina War Conversations before long separated between the two gatherings and in December 1946, the French shelled the city of Haiphong and coercively reappeared the capital, Hanoi. These activities started a contention between the French and the Viet Minh, known as the First Indochina War. Battled for the most part in North Vietnam, this contention started as a low level, rustic guerrilla war, as Viet Minh powers directed attempt at manslaughter assaults on the French. In 1949, battling heightened as Chinese socialist powers arrived at the northern outskirt of Vietnam and opened a pipeline of military supplies to the Viet Minh.â <img information srcset=https://www.thoughtco.com/thmb/4P3KU98Nptlxn4GUFTWMWwpfq4M=/300x0/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/GettyImages-2659254-5c49ec764cedfd00016f2673.jpg 300w, https://www.thoughtco.com/thmb/o_tlhG_b7Z8UQAdJzrhj4FaoBCE=/600x0/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/GettyImages-2659254-5c49ec764cedfd00016f2673.jpg 600w, https://www.thoughtco.com/thmb/osfzPG6WYrE_nr6M8W7NslvyngU=/900x0/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/GettyImages-2659254-5c49ec764cedfd00016f2673.jpg 900w, https://www.thoughtco.com/thmb/oiMaOwHdycOj2jiqiR5pj1-LweM=/1500x0/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/GettyImages-2659254-5c49ec764cedfd00016f2673.jpg 1500w information src=https://www.thoughtco.com/thmb/BZYroUpGlFF23I-ETwaFa_PT3OY=/1500x1171/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/GettyImages-2659254-5c49ec764cedfd00016f2673.jpg src=//:0 alt=French Paratroopers class=lazyload information click-tracked=true information img-lightbox=true information expand=300 id=mntl-sc-square image_1-0-8 information following container=true /> French paratroopers participating in Operation Castor, a parachute drop on Dien Bien Phu in the Thai area during the Indo-China war. Hulton Archive/Stringer/Getty Imagesâ â Progressively well-prepared, the Viet Minh started more straightforward commitment against the foe and the contention finished when the French were conclusively crushed at Dien Bien Phu in 1954. The war was at last settled by the Geneva Accords of 1954, which briefly apportioned the nation at the seventeenth equal, with the Viet Minh in charge of the north and a non-socialist state to be shaped in the south under Prime Minister Ngo Dinh Diem. This division was to go on until 1956, when national decisions would be held to choose the eventual fate of the country. The Politics of American Involvement At first, the United States had little enthusiasm for Vietnam and Southeast Asia, in any case, as it turned out to be certain that the post-World War II world would be commanded by the US and its partners and the Soviet Union and theirs, disconnecting socialist developments took an expanded significance. These worries were at last framed into the principle of control and domino hypothesis. First illuminated 1947, regulation distinguished that the objective of Communism was to spread to entrepreneur states and that the best way to stop it was to â€Å"contain† it inside its current outskirts. Springing from regulation was the idea of domino hypothesis, which expressed that in the event that one state in a locale were to tumble to Communism, at that point the encompassing states would definitely fall also. These ideas were to command and guide US international strategy for a great part of the Cold War. In 1950, to battle the spread of Communism, the United States started providing the French military in Vietnam with counsels and subsidizing its endeavors against the â€Å"red† Viet Minh. This guide almost stretched out to coordinate intercession in 1954, when the utilization of American powers to assuage Dien Bien Phu was examined finally. Circuitous endeavors proceeded in 1956, when counsels were given to prepare the military of the new Republic of Vietnam (South Vietnam) with the objective of making a power equipped for opposing Communist animosity. In spite of their earnest attempts, the nature of the Army of the Republic of Vietnam (ARVN) was to remain reliably poor all through its reality. The Diem Regime <img information srcset=https://www.thoughtco.com/thmb/aoDluyn3-Pasx_zjg6cWciatuE8=/300x0/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/GettyImages-3272493-5c49e91ec9e77c0001090d46.jpg 300w, https://www.thoughtco.com/thmb/S9T8sKtX1gYqmgbtkNmwJyOCPek=/600x0/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/GettyImages-3272493-5c49e91ec9e77c0001090d46.jpg 600w, https://www.thoughtco.com/thmb/LxsvPVQvchlcsk-ARKt4pLkW8cE=/900x0/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/GettyImages-3272493-5c49e91ec9e77c0001090d46.jpg 900w, https://www.thoughtco.com/thmb/Q49hqxO_r9LsDCxBxZkxYdLDY=/1500x0/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/GettyImages-3272493-5c49e91ec9e77c0001090d46.jpg 1500w information src=https://www.thoughtco.com/thmb/8v6uzOm6JsRVEqDJSRNjX95i0h0=/1500x1121/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/GettyImages-3272493-5c49e91ec9e77c0001090d46.jpg src=//:0 alt=South Vietnam President Ngo Dinh Diem class=lazyload information click-tracked=true information img-lightbox=true information expand=300 id=mntl-sc-square image_1-0-19 information following container=true /> South Vietnam President Ngo Dinh Diem (1901 - 1963) viewing an agrarian show only minutes after a death endeavor had been made on his life. Cornerstone/Stringer/Getty Imagesâ â A year after the Geneva Accords, Prime Minister Diem started a â€Å"Denounce the Communists† crusade in the south. All through the mid year of 1955, Communists and other resistance individuals were imprisoned and executed. Notwithstanding assaulting the socialists, the Roman Catholic Diem ambushed Buddhist factions and composed wrongdoing, which further estranged the to a great extent Buddhist Vietnamese individuals and disintegrated his help. Over the span of his cleanses, it is evaluated that Diem had up to 12,000 adversaries executed and upwards of 40,000 jailed. To further concrete his capacity, Diem fixed a submission on the eventual fate of the nation in October 1955 and announced the development of the Republic of Vietnam, with its capital at Saigon. In spite of this, the US effectively bolstered the Diem system as a support against Ho Chi Minh’s socialist powers in the north. In 1957, a low-level guerrilla development started to rise in the south, directed by Viet Minh units that had not returned north after the accords. After two years, these gatherings effectively constrained Ho’s government into giving a mystery goals requiring an equipped battle in the south. Military supplies started to stream into the south along the Ho Chi Minh Trail, and the next year the National Front for the Liberation of South Vietnam (Viet Cong) was shaped to complete the battle. Disappointment and Deposing Diem The circumstance in South Vietnam kept on crumbling, with defilement overflowing all through the Diem government and the ARVN incapable to successfully battle the Viet Cong. In 1961, the recently chosen Kennedy Administration guaranteed more guide and extra cash, weapons, and supplies were sent with little impact. Conversations at that point started in Washington with respect to the need to compel a system change in Saigon. This was cultivated on November 2, 1963, when the CIA supported a gathering of ARVN officials to topple and execute Diem. His demise prompted aâ period of political precariousness that saw the ascent and fall of a progression of military governments. To help manage the post-overthrow turmoil, Kennedy expanded the quantity of US consultants in South Vietnam to 16,000. With Kennedys demise later that equivalent month, Vice President Lyndon B. Johnson climbed to the administration and emphasized the US pledge to battling socialism in the district.

Social Work Essay Topics - How to Choose Topics

Social Work Essay Topics - How to Choose TopicsIt is necessary to choose the right topic for your social work essay, because a strong topic with excellent writing skills will greatly enhance your chances of getting selected as a finalist for a scholarship or other form of public funding. In order to make this task easier, it is essential to know what social work essay topics are available and how to present your knowledge effectively.The career of any social worker includes involvement in both private and public service careers. As one of the most respected and influential social workers in the United States, Jack Kevorkian was choosing to write an essay on public policy and why the government should offer more funding to under-served communities. Kevorkian understood that his essay was aimed at improving the quality of public service, and that people would be able to relate to his personal experiences in life. Kevorkian used this type of essay to achieve his goals of serving others. Students who are still in high school may also find themselves interested in writing a social work essay for their senior year project. This essay will be one of the most important tools in helping them build their resume and help them improve their general academic skills.Interest in a specific field of social work can be found anywhere. An example is that parents can write essays on their interest in foster care because their child was either a foster child or adopted.It is important to first decide which area of social work you would like to work in, because different areas of social work have different public policy issues. For example, while a nurse is dealing with disease prevention and health in the hospital setting, they will not be helping the homeless. Therefore, you must choose your area of focus.Once you decide on what area of social work you want to work in, then it is time to choose your topic for your essay, because a topic must focus on the area you chose before appl ying to any schools. While some subjects may seem familiar, you must be sure to remember that many areas of social work require a variety of areas of specialty.Many students, particularly those in public policy issues, tend to have a hard time deciding what topic they want to write about. Before taking this step, consider yourself as an opinion writer and decide which issue is of most interest to you. Even if you believe there is an issue that is important to you, do not ever take the first topic that comes to mind because it is very possible that you will regret this decision.After you have chosen your topic and have gained a basic idea of what you will be discussing, now is the time to start brainstorming. When you begin to brainstorm, write down as many ideas as you can. Remember that your essay will be evaluated for its effectiveness in communicating ideas, so the best idea is what you would personally like to share with the world.

Inspirational High School Graduation Quotations

Most of us would agree that the days we spent in high school were certainly the best days of our lives. It was in school that we made our first friends, competed to excel, hoped for places in the sports teams, and learned our first lessons about life. Memories come flooding back when you read each high school graduation quote on this page. If you want to wish your friends on their graduation day, you can make a special greeting with one of these high school graduation quotes. Graduation Quotations AnonymousYour schooling may be over, but remember that your education still continues.Isabel WaxmanIt is indeed ironic that we spend our school days yearning to graduate and our remaining days waxing nostalgic about our school days.Ralph Waldo EmersonThe things taught in schools and colleges are not an education, but the means of education.Martha ReevesThe morning after my high-school graduation found me up early job hunting. The dream of college I put on the back burner.Henry FordYou cant learn in school what the world is going to do next year.Author UnknownEmotions, drama, broken hearts, and liesAnd they say these were the best days of our lives?Richard BachDont be dismayed at goodbyes. A farewell is necessary before you can meet again. And meeting again, after moments or lifetime, is certain for those who are friends.Johann Wolfgang von GoetheDream no small dreams for they have no power to move the hearts of men.Andy McIntyreIf you think education is expensive, try ignorance!

Health Care Information Systems ( Hcis ) - 1121 Words

Health Care Information Systems Sitharam Devineni,devin2s@cmich.edu BIS 625 Research in Information Systems College of Business Administration, Department of Business Information Systems Central Michigan University Mount Pleasant, Michigan 48858 USA Abstract The use of Information system in the field of health care is growing rapidly as a basic requirement for the health care organizations. Health care information systems (HCIS) is also known as Health care Informatics. The purpose of the paper is to discuss how health care informatics are successfully developed and implemented to improve health care efficiency and effectiveness. The hospitals or the medical institutions today is using the increased power of computer devices for graphics, text and for other data manipulation purposes. The inflexibility of the software applications is a major in health care information systems management. Along with this, the incomplete and inconsistent information due to the diversity of isolated information systems is one of the major problems that information technology is facing in field of the healthcare sector. Therefore, health care information systems help to maintain and store the organization data or information in such a way that they can use t o analyze the data for future purpose. Keywords: -Health care information systems, Health care organization, Information systems, Software applications. INTRODUCTION With the increase in the Advancement of the technology, theShow MoreRelatedHealth Care Information System ( Hcis )1539 Words   |  7 PagesHealth care information system (HCIS) is an arrangement of information (data), processes, people, and information technology that interact to collect, process, store, and provide as output the information needed to support the health care organization (Wager, Lee, Glaser, 2013, p. 105). Having a ready access to accurate and relevant information is essential to health care organizations, providers, and patients (Wager, Lee, Glaser, 2013). The growing development of health care technology has theRead MoreExamination of Health Care Facilities Over a 20-Year Span1264 Words   |  5 PagesEvolution of HCIS over the Past Two Decades It is true that information and information exchange are crucial to the delivery of care on all levels of the health care delivery system the patient, the care team, the health care organization, and the encompassing political-economic environment (Reid et al., 2013, p 63). Information systems play a huge role in health care in the contemporary context, although they had a much more limited role in the past, and even twenty years ago HCIS systems were nowhereRead MoreEvolution of Health Care Systems Essay1132 Words   |  5 PagesRunning Head: EVOLUTION OF HEALTH CARE INFORMATION SYSTEMS Evolution of Health Care Information Systems Vicki Tate HCS 533 Health Information Systems Group# MHAA119AC8 University of Phoenix Renee Gorby January 7, 2011 â€Æ' Health Care Information Systems Health care Information systems have become more prevalent in our current Health Care system than it was twenty years ago. The computer was not used to the extent it is today in regards to patient care, documentation, billing, educationRead MoreReport on the Security System at Natividad Medical Center1227 Words   |  5 Pageson the security system at Natividad Medical Center. Using relevant peer-reviewed and technical reports, I devise an analysis plan that explains thoroughly, how I will analyze as well as evaluate Natividad Medical Centers Hospital Computer Information Systems (HCIS) network and its hospital-grade systems infrastructure and technology components. In this comprehensive report, the details of what is going to be analyzed is presented as well as how I am going to analyze the systems (process and tools)Read MoreDeveloping Healthcare IT Requests for Proposals877 Words   |  3 PagesHealthcare IT RFPs Developing healthcare IT requests for proposals (RFPs) can be a daunting task. It is also a critical one institutions must exercise care in making their final selection of a solution vendor to ensure that the needs and requirements of their unique business are adequately addressed (Mayer, 2009). As a result, heavy investments in time are needed to develop the correct detail and also incorporate the input of various stakeholders. Although vendors can contribute to the RFP creationRead MoreFaulty Data And Its Effects On Patient Care Decisions871 Words   |  4 Pagesquality and accurate data that must be validated in order for health care providers to provide quality care for their patients. Accurate data can be impeded or compromised by As a result, not excessive data, measurement instruments are erroneous, â€Å"imprecision in terminology, illegibility and inaccessibility of records, and other opportunities for misinterpretation of data.† â€Å"..Use of faulty data can have serious adverse effects on patient-care decisions† (Musen, Middleton, Greenes, 2014). PhysiciansRead MoreTechnology In Healthcare868 Words   |  4 PagesImproving Perception of a New System Information technology has shaped the health care system. The integration of technology into medical practice paved the way to improved documentation. Hospital organizations are now moving towards computer-based documentation (Meißner, Schnepp, 2014). The change in practice to the computerized system has been the prevailing trend and continued to grow. It is considered as the most significant technological improvement in the past decades ( Yoder-Wise KowalskiRead MoreEssay on Evolution of Health Care Information Systems1299 Words   |  6 PagesEvolution of Health Care Information Systems Dimetria Major HCS/533 March 29, 2013 Suzie Mays Evolution of Health Care Information System Health care has come a long way in technology for the past, implementing new technology has made the health care industry grow in size. Major events of health care have paved the way for future technologies influence the physicians, administrators, clinicians, andRead MoreHealth Care Management And Healthcare Management1830 Words   |  8 Pagescomputer and internet technologies. In physicians health care management processes, complications with upgrading systems have resulted in a lack of timely integration of information systems. The defects which create challenges for physician productivity and decrease patient satisfaction are often due to a system that has fallen behind. Lack of integration of information systems can lead to reduced physician productivity, non-suitable patient care, and poor satisfaction of patients. One way in whichRead MoreChanges in the Healthcare Industry1281 Words   |  5 Pagespatterns, and technological advances. The industry changed in terms of a reliance on hospital-based care to more emergency clinics, outpatient and nursing home services, and managed care. More hospitals merged, and many doctors have banded together to form larger, more cost-effective, speciality groups. One of the largest and most obvious changes has been in cost of healthcare. In 1990 the avereage cost of care per person was $2800, rising in 2000 to $4700, and then in 2010 exceeding $7500. In 1990, 14

Analysis of Herman Melville´s Bartleby, the Scrivencer Essay

Herman Melville (1819-1891) is an American writer who is widely acclaimed, among his most admired works are â€Å"Bartleby, the Scrivener† and â€Å"Benito Cereno† which both first appeared as magazine pieces and only published in 1856 as part of a collection. â€Å"Bartleby† was a story reflecting on the business world of the mid-19th century se t in New York none of its most famous and sometimes dangerous street: Wall Street. Bartleby a strange but intriguing man becomes employed in a legal office and in his life and death provides a sort of enigma for his employer, the reader, and the story itself. Bartleby , the Scrivener is a story that examines the ideas of a modern working man who is trapped in a mundane cycle that society has put him†¦show more content†¦Ã¢â‚¬Å"While of other law-copyists [Bartleby] I might write the complete life, of Bartleby nothing of that sort can be done [acknowledgement by the narrator that neither he nor anyone really kn ows the truth of Bartlebly]. I believe that no materials exist for a full and satisfactory biography of man. It is an irreparable loss to literature. Bartleby was one of those being of who nothing is ascertainable, except from the original sources, and in his case those are very small. What my own astonished eyes saw of Bartleby that is all I know of him.† (Melville, Bartleby the Scrivener: A story of Wall-Steet) When the narrator himself first introduces us to Bartleby the understanding that the narrator does not know everything thus we do not know everything is presented in tenfold because it is a reflection upon a character not a direct characterization. The narrator reflects on interaction with Bartleby and the impression and assertions it has left on him. Bartleby from the beginning is a presented almost as he is still alive but we no better of it. Bartleby is already a haunting in the text as the initial story is told while looking back rather than from minute to minute happening. In this extent it’s interesting to observe that Bartleby in essence is almost a double of the narrator, a representation of what the narrator lacks. Even the first initial descriptions of Bartleby performing his duties He ran a day and night line, copying by sunlight and by candlelight. I

Failure of Activist Fiscal Policy System †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Failure of Activist Fiscal Policy System. Answer: Introduction: The unhealthy food habits increases government expenditure on health and services. To address this use the tools of subsidy and tax should be used in combination (theconversation.com 2017). Subsidy and taxes though both has distortionary effect but both can alters buying habit by changing prices paid by the consumers and that received by the sellers. First, consider the effect of taxation on unhealthy food like sweet and sweet beverages. The own price elasticity estimate for sweet and sugar snacks are -0.270 and -0.295 for high and low calorie sweet and sugar snacks respectively. Therefore, the demand is inelastic in nature and hence, the demand curve is steeper. Before the imposition of tax P* and Q* denotes the respective equilibrium price and quantity. Imposition of tax raises price paid by the consumer to P1 and the price received by the producer is P2. Because of inelastic demand, the consumers bear a greater tax burden. High calorie food and vegetables have a price elasticity of -1.128 and low calorie dairy products have elasticity of -1.972. When a subsidy is given then price paid the consumers decreases while that received by the producer increases. A subsidy on these products will increases demand of these foods by a proportion greater than the price decrease. Keynes suggested government intervention is needed in an economy to stand up shocks. The Keynesian view received great appeal in times of Great Recession. In times of recession, the economy face a depressed demand because of a reduced consumption spending. Spending is an important component of aggregate demand. The idea is to give private spending a boost through an increase in government spending. The assistance provided by government either directly or indirectly increases spending of household and private expenditure and therefore results in a increases in aggregate demand. The fiscal reliance was given priority as then no monetary authority or central bank to design monetary policy was at existence. In time of recession the economy contracts. Automatic fiscal stabilizers are those works without active intervention by the policymakers. As the income reduces, people pay less tax. Which shrinking employment opportunities, government needs to pay more transfer payment. The changes in tax revenue earned and government expenditure bring automated change in budget. The discretionary changes on the other hand take place in the form of change in tax rates or government expenditure. In times of recession government increase their spending and reduces tax rates. The overall government spending in OECD region during economic downturn has increased from 25 percent in 1960 to 40 percent today (cis.org.au 2017). Fiscal contraction taken place in the form of reducing wasteful expenditure improves economic performance. In times of fiscal contraction, a crowd in effect in investment in realized because of the operation in the money market. The money market instrument that works in force is the interest rate. Because of fiscal contraction, interest rate prevailing in the money market reduces (cis.org.au 2017). This stimulate real investment by reducing borrowing cost. Investment being a component of aggregate demand or national income results in an increases in economic activity. This also strengthens the external position of the by strengthening exchange rate and fosters net export and national income. Monetary policy gives stimulus to the economy by boosting investment and aggregate demand. Under expansionary monetary policy, there is a reduction in interest rate through increasing money supply. The reduced interest rate increases investment in the economy because of a reduced borrowing cost. When interest rate reduces, then there is a depreciation of currency (cis.org.au 2017). With currency depreciation, export becomes cheaper and therefore fosters export. With improvement in net export national income increases and the economy expands. The stimulus given from the fiscal policy does not consider the fact that the economy of Australia largely dependent on external borrowing. The foreign borrowing enters through the channel of banking sector where interest rate plays an important role. References Cis.org.au. (2017).Fiscal Fallacies : The Failure of Activist Fiscal Policy. [online] Available at: https://www.cis.org.au/publications/policy-forum/fiscal-fallacies-the-failure-of-activist-fiscal-policy/ [Accessed 24 Oct. 2017]. The Conversation. (2017).Why the government should tax unhealthy foods and subsidise nutritious ones. [online] Available at: https://theconversation.com/why-the-government-should-tax-unhealthy-foods-and-subsidise-nutritious-ones-72790 [Accessed 24 Oct. 2017].

Impact of Free News on Print Media and Readers Preferences

Abstract This paper answers the questions about implication of free news on print media with an effort of considering readers’ preferences, which are also a cause for emergence of free newspapers. The Effect of electronic media and availability of online news on print media and to what extent that will be a cause for the emergence of free newspapers finds place in review and analysis in the research.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Impact of Free News on Print Media and Readers’ Preferences specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The different types of free newspapers and their effect on mainstream newspapers and the complementary nature of the free newspapers will be examined to differentiate the readers’ preferences about mainstream newspapers and free news. The aspects other than online availability of news and the free newspapers acting as prompters or marketing agents for online franchisees are reviewed and analyzed to decide the nature and extent of effect on mainstream newspapers. As a whole the readers’ preferences are considered along with the effect of free newspapers on mainstream media and the division between readers of mainstream newspapers and free newspapers and the people who read both of them. Introduction The aim of the paper is to find out the impact of free news and readers preferences for the newspapers which offer it. To have enough understanding about the topic and to know about the readers preferences, the following research questions will be answered in the dissertation. Relation to previous research The relation to previous research finds place in the paper through answering the following questions and the literature review that reviews the opinions and results of the previous researches on the topic and the related topics. To define and identify implication of free news in Print Media. Why the newspapers that offer free news are focusing on certain sections of readers? Do the free newspapers offer competition to traditional or mainstream newspapers or just go together with them? If they are doing so, how it happens? f. If they don’t the reason. Is there any link between readers’ preference for free newspapers and more updated news? Closed End Questions Do you prefer free Newspaper? Yes No Is the content of free newspapers is holistic or they differ from mainstream newspapers? Yes No Is your main intention to read free newspaper is to know the news? Yes No If Yes for the above question, do you find the news in free newspapers and its presentation as well as analysis is at par with mainstream newspapers? Yes No If No for the question number three, what makes you read the free newspaper? Marketing b. Life style stories c. to pass time in travelling to know about new products you are interested in e. none of the above Literature Review The literature review of the dissertation explains what free news is and cites the situations that prompted the emergence of free newspapers. The availability of news for free due to changes in technology can be known as ‘free news’ as the readers may find the news online for free while browsing.Advertising Looking for essay on communications media? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More This resulted in a situation that prompted some companies in print media to offer free newspapers, which is termed as biggest threat to companies in print media in terms of profit and revenues. Eventually the firms in newspaper industry found many threats and risks involved in managing a company and to release a newspaper. However, the response of these companies to readers’ preferences results in a threat or an opportunity for their business to stay sustained.1 Availability of News on Internet Publishing is the activity that has been severely affected by the advent of internet. The n ewspaper publishing has been still more affected due to the significant changes implied by digital media in the sector of news publishing. Regarding this aspect, the analysis of key factors that affect the preferences of readers in reading digital newspapers is necessary. Thus while focusing on preferences of readers and the existence of free newspapers as well as their emergence; it is fair to focus on usability of digital newspapers and the choice of digital dailies by readers. To explain these affects the following text can help in understanding the relevance of newspaper sector on Internet. â€Å"The advantages of the new digital media in terms of both supply and demand have brought a revolution in modern Journalism. The use of these new systems is characterized by the speed in which news reach the reader, the low cost of distributing information, the possibility to update news constantly, and the opportunity to establish more direct contact and interact with users, who have co me to play an important role in the design of journalistic offer.†(Flavian C., Gurrea R, 1). As per the above quote, Flavian C., Gurrea R., mention the enormous advantages of the new digital media that have boosted the service of offering news in both qualitative and quantitative terms. The authors opine that this resulted in proliferation of increasingly, specialized electronic journals and resulted in a new communication media.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Impact of Free News on Print Media and Readers’ Preferences specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More In this regard, Flavian C., Gurrea R (2008, p. 1) cite Nielson (2003) about news sites and digital newspapers, which are widely demanded by internet users worldwide. Going an extra mile in this regard, the authors cite Kaye and Johnson (2004), who affirmed that the main aim of accessing internet by users is to read breaking news and to search the most updated information. Advertisement Revenue Just before reviewing the emergence and sustenance of free newspapers, it is necessary to mention the threats to advertisement revenues faced by newspapers. Regarding advertisement revenues, the newspapers get them from a diversified customers ranging from the people giving small personal advertisements selling consumer goods to the advertisers who give advertisements about luxury products, which are sold on a wider market when compared to the people giving small advertisements. Both types of revenues are important in sustaining the profitability of newspapers and losing any of them is a major jolt to the profitability. The threat to the advertisement revenues is not only from online news portals but also from websites like e-Bay, which sell diversified products online and deliver them at the doorstep of the customers. These types of websites and online marketing agencies normally tie up with big companies as well as small sellers and sell their products online. This not only relieves the seller from showroom expenditure but also the small advertiser to be free from giving costly advertisements in newspapers. This type of marketing of products resulted in drop in advertisement revenues and the report of Trinity Mirror in 2006 that its advertisement revenue has been dropped by 10 percent. Hence, there should be an alternative to cope up with the damage done by websites and electronic media. The advent of internet also challenged the monopoly of print media and the newspapers should fight with news portals as well as online marketing websites to stay in the gray and to enhance their advertising revenues.2Advertising Looking for essay on communications media? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Coming to the point of emergence and sustenance of free newspapers, the analyses and interpretations of policies of governments by newspapers come to the fore as they can influence the readers. The influence of the content on the people matters here. The influence is due to interaction of media with its audience. The influence is also due to flow of information offered by a Newspaper to its readers and the way it is being presented. Regarding the influence of print media on people, Andrew King John Plunkett (2005) state as follows: â€Å"The French Revolutions of 1789, 1830 and 1848 were all perceived as caused by unchecked floods of print through the social body: flow of media into the lower classes was considered a major problem.†(King Plunkett 35) In the contemporary period the necessity to penetrate (flow of media) into lowers classes or the target classes resulted in emergence of free newspapers.3 In the age of proliferation of free news on internet, the newspapers hav e no other way except to offer free news in print to counter the competition from news portals or other forms of online news. In this regard New York Times wrote about a newspaper in Hong Kong ‘The Standard’, which is a 58 year old English language daily that joined the ranks of free newspaper. In 2007, when this paper has been offered for free in Hong Kong, initially the distributors gave a print run of 1,20,000 copies by tripling its last paid circulation run to outperform its major competitor ‘The South China Morning Post’. As it is for free, the first day public snapped all the copies within one or two hours and the publishers’ response is that it is better than they expected. Only the attempt of the management to outperform its nearest competitor has been mentioned here, but the act of changing a print media newspaper into free newspaper is to compete with the Internet news portals and to retain their readers who are shifting from print to onlin e media. Hence, the readers’ preference for online news and media can be termed as one of the causes that prompted some print media organizations to turn free. In this point of view, it can be termed that the internet and online news are drivers of emergence of free newspapers as internet eroded the readership as well as advertising revenue of newspapers in markets worldwide. The companies like ‘The Standard’ responded faster than their peers who succumbed or suddenly fallen victim to web. Though there are free newspapers before that, the case of ‘The Standard’ is the one that decided to shift from paid to free distribution of its publications. In this context, ‘The Standard’ relied on target readers of Hong Kong stock exchange as the 90 percent of its advertising revenue is from it. As the exchange started offering companies the less expensive alternative of posting notices on Internet, the print media like the management of ‘The Standard’ started to oblige the same less expensive alternatives for the companies even in print and in an attempt to get advertisements they tried to increase circulation by offering the newspaper for free. So, it can be termed that the compulsion of managements of print media to scramble for alternative ad revenue resulted in ‘free news’ even in print. The emergence of free newspaper is due to the logic that the free newspaper can have more circulation than the paid ones. To consolidate the ad revenue as well as the readership, the free newspapers are acting according to readers’ preferences by targeting certain section of readers like ‘The Standard’ targeting the investors of Hong Kong Stock Exchange.4 In a similar manner, different free newspapers have to act according to readers’ preferences. The increase of popularity for online news after 2000 is evident from the article named ‘Newspaper Circulation up! (For Free Papers)â⠂¬â„¢ published in mediacrit.com. The article also mentions about the decline of circulation as well as revenue for print version associated with the slow and constant growth of online editions and indirectly underlines the readers’ preference for online news. This type of changes in growth regarding publication of news resulted in creation of a segment in newspaper industry, which has to offer free news to increase circulation. The free newspapers are sold by hawkers on carts at all busy public places and in some cases are delivered to target customers in some neighborhoods and this is an attempt from the managements of print media to act according to the preferences of readers. This resulted in emergence of free magazines also in countries like US, which are published weekly once but the context of free newspapers is different as the free magazines do not have a corresponding website as one of the readers’ preferences as mentioned earlier is to resort to online sourc es for news. The article cites Piet Bakker, a communications professor at the University of Amsterdam. He is an expert on the free newspaper industry and explains the sustenance of free newspapers by increasing circulation as well as advertisement revenues. Bakker mentions that the 36 million copies of free dailies are being circulated in 49 countries. These countries include Korea, Chile, Austria and Botswana. Even in Europe, the circulation of free newspapers has grown five times in period 2000-05. The combined circulation of 125 free dailies in Europe is around 26.5 million. This indicates that though there is growth in free newspaper segment, the market is highly competitive as there is more number of newspapers in a particular area. These free newspapers are compact when compared to their paid versions and come as tabloids to meet the preferences of readers. The reason is that they offer these tabloids to the commuters who are mostly employees and workers and offer news mostly read by them as well as the articles about the issues and things they want. As they are targeted on commuters they can be read by the time the readers while they are in journey. In the age of growth of online and digital news, the free newspapers are often used by mainstream newspapers to advertise themselves and to become popular among the readers. That means the paid newspapers are using the free versions as secondary sources and in the time being, the online news websites are also using the free newspapers as the ones to increase their popularity.5 Proposed Methods/Methodology The methodology in this paper involves initially the survey results of some readers of free newspapers and mainstream newspapers. The analysis and discussion followed after the presentation of survey results will discuss and analyze the answers of readers in some academic researches and will be presented as a content that has answers for the questions taken as research questions for this dissertation. The n ext part of the methodology is to fortify the analysis and discussion chapters with analysis of useful and important literature regarding free news and the consequences as well as causes for its emergence. At this stage the selected sources will be different forms of news, readers’ preferences, academic research papers or any type of news article or paper that is useful in analyzing the content that is useful for academic purposes. Analysis The most affected sector due to the developments in technology is Journalism as the ways and means of presentation of news has been changed with the advent of technology. The proliferation of electronic newspapers resulted in availability of free news for readers and this resulted in pressure on print media that offers newspapers in print as their advertisement revenues have come down due to the availability of cheaper space in electronic news portals. Hence, the motivations of the readers to read newspapers need to be observed by free new spapers to know the preferences of readers and to make them visitors of their corresponding websites. This results in a competition between news portals (digital news) and newspapers (print media).6 Digital versus Traditional Newspapers The growing interest in the analysis of duality of channels that present latest news to readers or visitors results in competition between digital and traditional newspapers. This makes the study of free news as the one that makes readers to read the press despite availability of free news online. When readers read free newspapers, the influence of motivations that make them to read them or the situations that result in reading them by the readers come to the fore. While studying these influences, press identified the following motivations; To search for specific information to get updated news for leisure reasons as a habit (Carlos Flavian., Raquel Gurrea, p.1) are the reasons to read the newspapers either free or paid. Consequently, the analysis of duality of media that is available in the form of newspapers should be made from supply-side perspective as the advantages of internet as a medium boosted the supply of news in digital form. To overcome or withstand the competition, it is necessary for print media to find an alternative to make the newspapers attract the readers. This can be made by using different distribution channels that reach readers in different forms and ways. One such example is to offer free newspapers to commuters going to offices. In addition to this, the free newspapers find many other distribution channels that find enough readers.7 Effect of Free Newspapers Before discussing and analyzing the readers’ preferences and their links with the trends of free newspapers, it is important to know whether they are able to compete with the traditional ones or denting their revenues. This aspect might sound irrelevant to discussion and analysis of readers preferences, but the success and failure of any n ewspaper either it is free or paid depends on readers’ preferences. If the free newspapers are cannibalizing the traditional ones, they are according to the readers’ preferences and are consolidating the readership. If they are not they must be targeting some sections of readers to sustain and to get profits through advertisement revenues and thus act as complements to main stream newspapers. In this regard according to Dr. Kathleen P. Mahoney., Dr James H. Collins (2005), â€Å"the free tabloid newspapers have become serious media players in less than 10 years by having 2 million circulation in US. And now, traditional paid newspapers facing an already difficult marketplace are asking: is free dailies competition or opportunity? This paper will provide some guidance to newspaper companies either considering introducing a free offering or being confronted by one, by examining whether the free dailies are competitive or complementary to the traditional paid newspaper.à ¢â‚¬  (Mahoney. K. P. et al., p.1) However, the observation of Mahoney K.P. etal., did not find any cannibalization of paid dailies by free dailies as both are following different strategies for their business. The intention of free tabloids is to capture non –readers and thus their strategies may not affect the paid newspapers’ business much. This is due to the fact that the free tabloids’ strategies rest on the expectation that the readers buy the franchisee’s paid products. Though the free tabloids are not denting much into the readers’ base of traditional newspapers, they are capturing the non readers, who are elusive to the traditional newspapers till now. The effect of free tabloids on traditional newspapers lies on the extent of period the former hold the young readers. Normally, the readers of free tabloids do not stick to a newspaper for long time unlike the traditional ones. Hence, the traditional newspapers have to consolidate their rea dership, whereas the free newspapers have to search for new readers on continuous basis. Moreover, a section of young people, who read free tabloids for a particular period of time may not leave their traditional newspaper if they are part of the latter’s readers’ base. Eventually, the free newspapers may make the task of traditional newspapers difficult but cannot completely cannibalize them as the strategies as well as readers are different and even common readers also do not desert one for the other. Hence, it can be termed as the presence of free newspapers is making it difficult for traditional ones to sustain, but cannot make them irrelevant in the present scenario.8 Long term Perspective of Free Newspapers After analyzing the effect of readers’ preferences on strategies of business now it is time to analyze the needs of long term developments for free newspapers. In this regard, Piet Bakker (2002) mentions the strategies that are applicable in the long ru n that consider readers’ preferences. The important concern the author put forth is that the reaction of the reader to the free daily, which is not a novelty but just an established product. As the academic research on free newspapers is not widely available, the publications like reports by newspapers, organizations, business publications and press releases as well as the researches of free newspapers to frame strategies need to be used here to have an idea of scenario that is a result of the strategies of free newspapers that frame strategies according to the preferences of the readers they are targeting. The important aspect, which is bone of contention, is about the circulation claimed by free newspapers as the audit for circulation followed for paid ones is different from that of the free newspapers. Eventually, the publishers of free newspapers claim their circulation and the reliability of that claim depends on certain sections that the publishers of free newspapers wa nt to target. In this context, the effect of free newspapers is supplementary or complement for the traditional newspapers as the strategy of them to approach is different from that of free ones. Hence, the existence or emergence of free newspapers and their sustenance in long-term is independent of the adverse situation faced by traditional newspapers as that is a result of availability of content or news more on online than in the print and the access to online content being easy. In this regard Piet Bakker (2002) states that â€Å"So far, 80 free daily newspapers have been introduced in 26 countries. The majority have been launched in the last three years. In some markets like Stockholm, Cologne, Buenos Aires, The Netherlands, Zurich, Basle, Bern, Toronto, Newcastle more than one free newspaper was published..†( Bakker, 181). In support to the above facts Piet Bakker quotes the facts claimed by the free newspapers and finds that daily 20 to 25 million people all over the g lobe are reading free newspapers and another aspect of these newspapers is that they published in Metropolitan areas and the editions come out only on weekdays. This further brings forth the preferences of readers in metro areas as well as the growth of newspapers in Metro in the presence of free newspapers as well as the advent of internet.9 Growth of Metro Newspaper The emergence of free news also results from the fact that there is little scope of growth for metro newspapers as the advent of internet has decreased the profits of newspapers particularly in metro areas the people in these areas have more internet accessibility than their peers of rural areas. The availability of entertainment as well as advertisement alternatives are denting the profits of print media by decreasing their advertisement revenue either by decreasing the number of advertisements or the tariff for them. In addition to that the increase in prices of newsprint and decrease in readers interest as well as p rofitability prompted some newspaper managements to offer newspapers free to make their niche in the digital news channels as the free newspapers attract readers to the corresponding news portals and that results in increase of hit rate, which in turn increase the prospects of getting advertisements for online editions. In spite of managing all the just mentioned aspects, the publishing of a newspaper needs greater levels of managerial discipline when compared to the publishing the same online. This is due to the fact that the printing operations need the assembly of first rate products with right advertising inserts with narrow production windows.10 Free Newspapers as complementary to Mainstream ones In this situation of assembling first rate products with right inserting of advertising slots with lean production management techniques are necessary, but the traditional newspapers can use the free newspapers concept to increase the popularity for their online versions. In doing so, they can minimize the loss of advertisement revenue in print edition due to the advent of internet. Hence, free news or free newspapers not only pose a threat to the traditional newspapers revenues, but also can be used as the ones that boost the revenues for their online editions. This strategy makes creating an online edition a compulsion for all traditional newspapers in print. As the free newspapers target some sections of readers, the print editions can launch complementary free newspapers to target the sections of readers on which the free newspapers, which are not complementary for any print editions are targeting. Thus the traditional newspapers can use the welfare enhancing by new good complements to existing goods principle put forth by Michal Masika (2010, p. 2). When the new goods, which are substitutes and are in the form of complementary newspapers for traditional newspapers are capable of replace the competitive free newspapers, the traditional newspapers can minimize the damaging effects of free newspapers their advertisement revenues. This principle indirectly suggests to traditional or mainstream newspapers to offer the services for their readers, which are being offered by free newspapers through their online editions. To do that, the mainstream newspapers not only should develop the appearance of website and presentation of news on that, they have to offer products online or should post advertisements of online marketing agencies for cheaper prices when compared to advertisement tariff in print edition. Though this strategy may not increase the advertisement revenues considerably, they damage can be controlled and in long-term, the traditional newspapers can bring down the free newspapers to the standard of pamphlets for franchisee websites, thus drawing a clear line between their readers and the readers of free newspapers.11 Reflections It was found that the emergence of free newspapers initially is due to availability of online news as we ll as advent of internet. In the next stage, the free newspapers are used to as promoters for news portals or marketing web sites for certain products. Hence, the free newspapers can be differentiated into two types; the first being the ones that target a section of readers to promote their products and the other type, which act as promoters to the online news portals that are independent or belong to a mainstream newspaper. The potential and empirical obstacles found while doing research for this paper is that it is difficult to estimate the number of online news portals that are affecting the print media. As the news portals popularity is determined by hit rate and has no physical evidence, I found that the estimation of damage to mainstream newspapers is difficult in terms of circulation as circulation and hit rate cannot be compared. Another potential aspect is that the differentiation of free newspapers, which are completely based on news and the ones that act as franchisees fo r online marketing sites. There is third type of free newspapers also, which act as publicity things for online news portals. The fourth type of free newspapers are that come out weekly once or twice as a complementary from the publisher of a mains stream newspaper to withstand the competition of free news and to have publicity for the mainstream newspaper as well. Regarding conceptual and theoretical problems, it is difficult to draw a line between mainstream newspapers and free newspapers. In other words paid newspapers and some free newspapers are difficult to differentiate except for the price. The theoretical problem that exists in the case of free newspaper is to authenticate the circulation claims. In the context of paid newspapers, there is a system of auditing and related organizations to declare the circulation of each newspaper. However, in case of free newspapers, as the publishers offer money to the people or shops who put their newspaper in stands, the more money the p ublisher can spend, the more claims for circulation may exist. Hence, I found that this aspect makes it difficult to calculate circulation of free newspapers. From ethical point of view, commenting or criticizing on ethical standards of free newspaper do not have any theoretical or moral base. This is due to the fact that the free newspapers are not hiding any business activity they are doing and everything they are resorting to is legal and though it cannot be termed as moral, but can’t be called as immoral. These points impact a study of a researcher to differentiate between complete newspapers and the papers that work as franchisees for online marketing sites. Moreover, as the free newspapers, which are used as tools for the marketing agencies also offer news and the absence of a system in print media to marginalize those type free newspapers from mainstream free newspapers will make the work of a researcher a difficult thing. Conclusion The conclusion in the dissertation will be in a way that reveals the importance of readers’ preferences in the emergence and trends of free newspapers. After differentiating the free newspapers from the traditional and mainstream ones, the way the latter frame strategies to rein in the free newspapers to consolidate their advertisement revenue will find place. At the end how the free newspapers can also act complementary for traditional newspapers even in the presence of individual free newspapers in the market will be pointed out. Works Cited Andrew King John Plunkett. Victorian Print Media: A Reader. New York. Oxford University Press. 2005. Carlos Flavian., Raquel Gurrea, â€Å"Digital Versus Traditional Newspapers; Influences on Perceived Substitutability†. International Journal of Market Research, Vol. 51. Issue 5. 2009. P.1-3. Carlos Flavian., Raquel Gurrea. â€Å"Perceived Substitutability between Digital and Physical Channels: The case of Newspapes†. Online Information Review. Vol. 31, no .6. 2007. P. 1-3. Carlos Flavian., Raquel Gurrea, â€Å"Reading Newspapers on the Internet: The Influence of Websites’ attributes†. Internet Research. Vol. 18, no. 1. 2008. P. 26-45. Donald Greenlees. â€Å"Hong Kong Newspaper takes gamble on free distribution†. Nytimes.com. published on 10th September 2007. Web. Flavian, C Gurrea, R 2006, ‘The choice of digital newspapers: influence of reader goals and user experience’, Internet Research, vol. 16, no. 3, pp. 231-247. Christensen. â€Å"API discovers â€Å"good enough† is better then best†. Strategic Direction. Vol. 24. Issue 9. 2008. Pp. 19-21. Piet Bakker. â€Å"Free Daily Newspapers-Business Models and Strategies†. The International Journal on Media Management. Vol. 4, no. 3. (2002), p.180-187. John Sterling. â€Å"Strategy Development for the Real World†. Strategy Leadership. Vol. 30, issue 1, 2002, p.10-12. Kathleen P. Mahoney., Dr James H. Collins. â€Å"Consumer Newspaper Choice in Markets with Free Print Options: Are Free Daily Newspapers Competition or Opportunity for Traditional Paid Products?†. Session -The Symposium of Publishing. 2005. Michal Masika. â€Å"Free Commuter Newspapers and the Market for paid –for Daily Newspapers†. University of Munich. 2010 Footnotes 1 Flavian, C Gurrea, R 2006, ‘The choice of digital newspapers: influence of reader goals and user experience’, Internet Research, vol. 16, no. 3, pp. 231-247. 2 Christensen. â€Å"API discovers â€Å"good enough† is better then best†. Strategic Direction. Vol. 24. Issue 9. 2008. Pp. 19-21. 3Andrew King John Plunkett. Victorian Print Media: A Reader. New York. Oxford University Press. 2005. 4 Donald Greenlees. â€Å"Hong Kong Newspaper takes gamble on free distribution†. Nytimes.com. published on 10th September 2007. 5 NA. â€Å"Newspaper Circulation Up! (For Free Papers)†. Mediacrit.com. NA. 9th June 2007. Web. 6 Carlos Flavian., Raquel Gurrea. â€Å"Perceived Substitutability between Digital and Physical Channels: The case of Newspapers†. Online Information Review. Vol. 31, no.6. 2007. P. 1-3. 7 Carlos Flavian., Raquel Gurrea, â€Å"Digital Versus Traditional Newspapers; Influences on Perceived Substitutability†. International Journal of Market Research, Vol. 51. Issue 5. 2009. P.1-3. 8 Dr. Kathleen P. Mahoney., Dr James H. Collins. â€Å"Consumer Newspaper Choice in Markets with Free Print Options: Are Free Daily Newspapers Competition or Opportunity for Traditional Paid Products?†. Session -The Symposium of Publishing. 2005. 9 Piet Bakker. â€Å"Free Daily Newspapers-Business Models and Strategies†. The International Journal on Media Management. Vol. 4, no. 3. (2002), p.180-187. 10 John Sterling. â€Å"Strategy Development for the Real World†. Strategy Leadership. Vol. 30, issue 1, 2002, p.10-12. 11 Michal Masika. â€Å"Free Commuter Newspapers and the Market for paid –for Daily Newspapers†. University of Munich. 2010. This essay on Impact of Free News on Print Media and Readers’ Preferences was written and submitted by user Trey Dillon to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.